The impact that cognitive aging has on those ages 70 to 90 depends on both their financial skill and the type of cognitive impact. Problems can range from relatively minor financial mistakes to a loss of ability to manage personal finances. Throughout the range of impairments, the threat of fraud exists.
An individual’s financial capacity is dependent on two types of intelligence. Reading a utility bill and writing a check to pay for it mostly requires crystal intelligence. Crystal intelligence is knowledge. Making financial judgements not only relies on knowledge, but fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence includes memory, attention and information processing.
With normal cognitive aging, most people retain their crystal intelligence into their 70s and 80s. Fluid intelligence can start to decline as early as one’s 30s. These two trends result in older adults being more likely to incur financial judgment problems than to experience a diminished ability for carrying out financial tasks.
While these are normal cognitive changes, impairment has a far more damaging impact. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) primarily affects financial judgment. Dementia is more severe, diminishing a wide range of cognitive functions. Prevalence rates are 9% for MCI and 3% for dementia at ages 70 to 74 and rise to 37% and 27%, respectively, by age 85. Many of those with some form of impairment are unaware of their compromised abilities. Moreover, they stay confident about their ability to manage their financial matters. This, in turn, causes them to be more susceptible to fraud. Those who are impaired enough to require the services of a caregiver also incur the risk of being financially abused by the caregiver.
Cognitive aging also affects those who are tasked with taking over a household’s finances. A spouse with little to no experience in managing financial matters will often find it challenging to do so following the death or impairment of her husband (or his wife) due to age-related declines in fluid intelligence and a lack of previously built up crystal intelligence. Though they can learn the necessary skills if not impaired themselves, assistance is often required initially.
“Cognitive Aging and the Capacity to Manage Money,” Anek Belbase and Geoffrey T. Sanzenbacher, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2017.
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