“Early retirement may be a risk factor for mortality and prolonged working life may provide survival benefits among U.S. adults.” This was the conclusion of researchers who looked at the impact that retirement age had on longevity.
The researchers analyzed data on 2,956 adults using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a large, nationally representative database. Retirees were divided into two groups—healthy and unhealthy—based on whether they indicated that health had an influence on their decision to retire.
Among healthy retirees, a one-year postponement in retirement from the average age of 64.9 decreased the risk of dying by 11%. When early retirees (retiring approximately before age 62) were compared to those who retired close to the average age (“on-time”), mortality risk was significantly higher. Conversely, when late retirees (retiring approximately after the age of 68) were compared to on-time retirees, mortality risk was significantly lower.
As would be expected, unhealthy retirees were far more likely to die earlier than healthy retirees. The association between retirement age and mortality did not change, however. Postponing retirement by one year reduced mortality risk for an unhealthy retiree by 9%.
The study’s authors (Chenkai Wu et al.) described their findings as being consistent with previous studies, including an Austrian study discussed previously in this column (“Early Retirement, Early Death,” AAII Journal, June 2012). The study discussed here differed from prior ones in that it covered a broader range of retirees with more information about those retirees. The data allowed Wu and his co-authors to determine that sociodemographic characterstics did not have any effect on the link between retirement age and mortality risk. Rather, they believe the beneficial impact on life spans from retiring later is universal.
Wu et al. acknowledged the lack of understanding about the mechanisms behind the association of retirement age and mortality. The benefits of work (identity, cognitive skill usage, and financial compensation), stress associated with retiring, delayed physical and cognitive declines from volunteering or working in retirement and/or physically or emotionally demanding jobs may have some influence. Further research is required to determine the actual reason for the link.
“Association of Retirement Age With Mortality: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study Among Older Adults in the USA,” Chenkai Wu, Michelle Odden, Gwenith Fisher, and Robert Stawski, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, March 2016.
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