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A study analyzing U.S. equity factors from 1866 to the 2020s finds that factors such as value, momentum and low risk are robust and persistent.
by Tudor Pop | December 2024
A study analyzing U.S. equity factors from 1866 to the 2020s finds that factors such as value, momentum and low risk are robust and persistent.
The researchers extended the 1926–2020 U.S. Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) equity dataset by 61 years to include stock market data from 1866 to 1926, allowing them to test the out-of-sample performance of key equity factors over a much longer time span. This approach helps address concerns about data mining and performance decay by providing an independent sample.
The study found that value, momentum and low-risk factors showed consistent and significant alpha during both the in-sample period and the out-of-sample period, as seen in the accompanying figure. The out-of-sample alphas were statistically similar to those observed in the CRSP dataset, confirming that these factors have been economically significant for more than 150 years. The results suggest that the premiums associated with these factors are not temporary or due to data overfitting.
The researchers concluded that equity factor premiums such as the ones mentioned here are enduring features of financial markets. They also emphasized that the premiums do not decay over time, reinforcing their robustness as reliable components of investing strategies.
The findings serve as confirmation and a reminder that equity factors used by individual investors have statistical significance in providing above-average market returns in the past and may continue to do so in the future. They also help provide clarity on data mining and performance decay fears, showing that over time these factors are strengthened, not weakened.
Source: “Factor Premiums: An Eternal Feature of Financial Markets” by Guido Baltussen, Ph.D., and Bart van Vliet, CFA; CFA Institute Enterprising Investor blog, October 4, 2024.
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