An Intro to AI-Powered Investing: How Individual Investors Can Leverage LLMs

Artificial intelligence can enhance investment research and decision-making, but it should be used carefully.

Wayne Thorp leads a class in AAII's new Essential Investing Video Course. Go to https://www.aaii.com/ves for more information and to subscribe.

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  • AI-powered investing tools help individual investors analyze financial data, track market trends and develop informed investing strategies
  • Large language models (LLMs) assist in summarizing financial reports, comparing stocks and extracting market sentiment for better decision-making
  • Investors must verify AI-generated insights, structure prompts carefully and use AI as a supplement to traditional investment research

Imagine having a personal analyst working 24/7—scanning financial news, crunching numbers and identifying key investing opportunities before they become mainstream. Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer exclusive to institutional investors. Today, individual investors have access to powerful AI tools that can analyze financial reports, track market sentiment and assist in building a well-informed investing strategy.

With AI-powered investing, you can:

  • Analyze financial statements more efficiently.
  • Compare investment options.
  • Identify market trends before they become mainstream.
  • Avoid emotional decision-making by leveraging data-driven insights.

AI can be a valuable tool for long-term investors looking to refine their strategies—whether that’s managing a retirement portfolio, optimizing dividend income or making sense of economic trends. The key is understanding how to use it effectively. This is the first in a new series of articles exploring AI-powered investing. We start with a broad overview of AI’s strengths and limitations when using it to aid your investment analysis.

How AI Is Changing the Investing Landscape

The rise of AI in finance is already making a measurable impact. Consider the following data from CoinLaw:

  • AI-powered tools assist 30% of investors in making trading and investment decisions.
  • Robo-advisers, such as Betterment and Wealthfront, have grown their assets under management (AUM) to $1.4 trillion, a 15% year-over-year increase.
  • In 2023, AI-driven trading bots were used by 15% of investors to optimize their portfolios.

These developments signal a shift: AI is leveling the playing field, providing individual investors with sophisticated analytical capabilities once reserved for Wall Street firms.

What Are LLMs?

A large language model (LLM) is a type of AI trained on vast amounts of text-based data to interpret and generate human-like responses. In investing, LLMs can process financial reports, news articles, analyst research and earnings transcripts in seconds—helping investors quickly extract relevant insights.

Some of the most commonly used AI-powered investing tools are listed in Table 1.

 

 

Table 1. Popular LLMs for Investing

LLM Best For Paid Plan

ChatGPT (OpenAI)

Research, summarization

GPT-4o ($20/month)

Claude (Anthropic)

Document analysis

Claude Pro ($20/month)

Gemini (Google)

Real-time insights

Gemini Advanced ($19.99/month)

Llama (Meta)

Open-source customization

Free

Mistral AI; Falcon AI

Quantitative trading

Free

How AI Can Help Individual Investors

LLMs serve as valuable research assistants for investors, helping analyze financial documents, summarize market trends and even generate investment theses. They are designed to process large amounts of text-based data, making them useful for:

  • Summarizing financial reports: They can quickly extract key insights from Form 10-Ks, earnings calls and analyst reports.
  • Generating investment theses: LLMs structure qualitative data to formulate a clear, research-backed view of a stock.
  • Comparing stocks: They are able to conduct side-by-side comparisons of fundamental metrics, risks and qualitative factors.
  • Extracting sentiment: LLMs are good at analyzing how positive or negative management commentary is over time.

Understanding AI’s Limitations

While AI offers powerful advantages, it is not without risks. Investors should be aware of these limitations.

  • Prompts Matter: The feedback LLMs give you is highly dependent on the commands or questions, called “prompts,” that you give them. If a prompt is not worded correctly, AI may give you an answer that is either incomplete or excludes a fact that could alter your opinion about a stock.
  • No Real-Time Stock Data: Most LLMs do not provide up-to-the-minute pricing. Always check official financial platforms for real-time information.
  • No Trading Execution: AI can analyze investments, but it cannot place trades or manage portfolios.
  • Risk of AI Hallucinations: Sometimes AI generates misleading or incorrect financial data and information, which can lead to poor investing decisions if taken at face value.

How to Minimize AI Risks

There are steps investors can take to maximize AI’s usefulness while avoiding its pitfalls.

  1. Cross-check AI insights with official sources like the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Bloomberg and reputable analysts.
  2. Use multiple AI tools to compare responses and detect inconsistencies.
  3. Phrase prompts carefully to reduce ambiguity and prevent AI from generating speculative information. Treat these models as if you are speaking to a new, untrained employee. Give it follow-up prompts to ensure it returns the key information you seek.
  4. Avoid asking AI for real-time stock prices since most LLMs do not access live market data.

How to Use AI for Investment Analysis

Using AI for investment analysis requires both using the right AI and giving it the right prompts. Here are the key steps to follow.

Choose the Right AI Tool

Different LLMs specialize in different areas. Investors should select a tool based on their needs.

  • ChatGPT is good for in-depth research and report analysis.
  • Gemini works for tracking market sentiment and providing macroeconomic insights.
  • Claude should be used for portfolio risk assessment and long-term strategy evaluation.

Structure Prompts for Better Insights

A prompt is the input or question you provide to an LLM to receive a response. AI responds best to specific, well-structured questions. The following are examples of some basic prompt structures.

  • Direct Query: “Summarize Tesla’s latest earnings report.”
  • Comparison Request: “Compare Apple and Microsoft’s financial statements for growth potential.”
  • Trend Analysis: “What are the latest macroeconomic trends affecting the stock market?”
  • Sentiment Analysis: “Analyze the sentiment of recent analyst reports on Nvidia.”

You can also use more advanced prompting techniques.

  • Specifying a Format: “Summarize Nvidia’s earnings in bullet points.”
  • Setting Parameters: “Analyze Amazon’s stock performance over the last five years, focusing on revenue growth and P/E ratios.”
  • Refining Responses: “Give me a simpler explanation of what an earnings beat means for a stock’s price movement.”

It is crucial to craft precise and structured prompts to get the best investment insights from AI. Follow these tips for high-quality, high-impact prompts.

Tip #1—Be specific and provide clear instructions: Instead of asking, “Is Apple a good investment?”; say, “Summarize Apple’s latest earnings call and compare its revenue growth to Microsoft.”

Tip #2—Use context to improve the AI’s understanding. Providing background information can help refine responses. Example: “Assume I’m a long-term investor focusing on dividend growth. How does Johnson & Johnson compare to Procter & Gamble?”

Tip #3—Break down complex questions into steps. If the analysis requires multiple steps, structure your request sequentially. Here is an example.

  • “Step 1: List Tesla’s revenue growth over the past five years.
  • Step 2: Compare it to Ford’s over the same period.”

Tip #4—Request data to be presented in a structured format. Tables, bullet points or structured summaries improve clarity and usability. Example: “Summarize Nvidia’s latest earnings call in bullet points.”

Tip #5—Guide the AI’s role for better insights. Tell the AI how you would like it to approach the response. Example: “That summary was too broad. Can you narrow it down to focus on revenue growth and competitive risks?”

Verify and Cross-Check Information

LLMs can generate valuable insights, but they are not perfect. Investors should always validate AI-generated insights with real-world data sources such as SEC filings, earnings reports and financial databases.

Integrate AI Into a Broader Investing Strategy

AI should complement, not replace, fundamental and technical analysis. Investors can use AI-driven insights alongside traditional investment research to build a well-rounded strategy.

The Future of AI for Individual Investors

The AI revolution isn’t just coming—it’s already here. AI-powered tools are giving individual investors more control, deeper insights and greater efficiency in managing their portfolios.

Here some key takeaways that will help you make better use of AI:

  • AI can enhance investment research and decision-making, but it should be used carefully.
  • LLMs can summarize reports, analyze sentiment and compare investment options to streamline portfolio management.
  • Investors should verify AI-generated insights with real-world data and avoid relying on AI for real-time stock prices or execution.
  • AI doesn’t replace financial advisers or personal judgment, but it can serve as a powerful research tool.

As this series continues, we’ll explore how to:

  • Use AI for fundamental analysis and stock valuation.
  • Apply AI to portfolio optimization and asset allocation.
  • Recognize and avoid common AI-driven investing mistakes.

Individual investors can gain a competitive edge by strategically adopting AI while maintaining a disciplined investing approach.

Using AI to Identify Financial Red Flags

Artificial intelligence (AI) can help you spot warning signs about a company’s financials. However, it requires a little bit of effort since the major available AI chatbots cannot directly access content from a website. Rather, you have to gather the relevant data and give it to the chatbot to analyze.

Shorter commentaries can be copied and pasted directly into an AI text chatbot like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s Gemini or Anthropic’s Claude—all of which are large language models (LLMs). Longer text and financial data are best provided to these AI chatbots by uploading them as PDF files, Microsoft Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, etc. Each chatbot will tell you what file formats are accepted when you ask.

Analyzing Red Flags From SEC Filings

LLMs work very well for analyzing long documents or text. An example is the Risk Factors section of the Form 10-K. This section of the 10-K annual filing required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) discloses the business and financial risks a company faces.

Some disclosures are common across most companies. These include the risk of a technology issue disrupting business operations.

Other issues point to current or potential financial red flags. Restaurant chain Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc. (CBRL) reduced its quarterly dividend from $1.30 to $0.25 per share in May 2024. “Dividend reduction signals cash flow pressure,” wrote Claude when asked to identify any financial and investing risks disclosed in Cracker Barrel’s fiscal-year 2024 Form 10-K filing (Figure 1). Stocks of companies that cut their dividends have historically gone on to underperform.

Figure 1 Claude’s Analysis of Cracker Barrel’s Form 10-K

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements section is another part of a company’s 10-K filing to examine for financial red flags. This section lists the company’s accounting policies and any significant changes in the financial statement. Due to this section’s length, it’s best to copy and paste the text into a new document and then upload the document to the AI chatbot.

ChatGPT identified Cracker Barrel’s rising debt level, its high level of convertible debt that is due to mature in 2026 and its large lease liabilities. As a takeaway, ChatGPT cautioned, “Cracker Barrel’s high debt, rising interest costs, falling cash reserves and asset impairments indicate potential financial instability.” (We’ll note that Cracker Barrel hired new CEO Julie Masino last year to turn the business around.)

Identifying Risks in a Company’s Financial Data

LLMs can also be used to analyze financial statement data. You will need to download the financial statements for the company you want analyzed to your computer or device and then upload the files to the AI chatbot.

AI chatbots vary in the types of files they can read. I found the most consistent method was to print the financial statements to a PDF file and then upload the PDF to the AI chatbot. I did this using the financial statements located at a stock’s AAII Stock Evaluator page (at the Financials tab). These statements are available to all AAII members.

The next step is to give the LLM the correct prompt. To generate an analysis of Boeing Co. (BA), I first told the chatbots, “Here are the financial statements for Boeing. Conduct a ratio analysis of them and list out your conclusions.” Both ChatGPT and Claude gave me a high-level overview of the trends they saw. Gemini asked me to clarify: “I can do that. What ratios are you most interested in?”

When I followed up by asking the AI chatbots to “give me a breakdown of specific risk factors,” each provided more specific analysis.

ChatGPT pointed out rising debt and negative cash flow as concerns. The AI chatbot warned that “low cash reserves and high cash burn could force Boeing to issue more debt or equity, hurting existing shareholders.” Gemini struck a similar tone by saying, “Fluctuations in operating cash flow raise concerns about the company’s ability to generate consistent cash.”

Notably, all three AI models pulled in information from outside sources when generating their responses. “Recent operational losses likely reflect costs associated with quality control problems, which have led to production delays, regulatory scrutiny and delivery issues,” commented Claude.

Analyzing Specific Fundamental Risks

If there is a specific aspect of fundamental risk you are interested in, AI can assist you with that too.

Let’s say you are concerned about a company’s solvency—a big financial red flag. Upload the financial statements to an LLM and instruct it to do the analysis for you.

I started my prompt by telling each chatbot to pretend they are a credit analyst. This framing instructs the AI model on what viewpoint to use when generating a response. I then gave it specifics about what to focus on (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Phrasing Prompts to Identify Financial Red Flags

All three chatbots identified worsening trends for Boeing. Gemini gave the most basic analysis. Claude and ChatGPT were more specific. “The company is unable to generate positive earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, making debt servicing problematic,” responded Claude. ChatGPT called Boeing a “high-risk borrower,” citing “a combination of negative cash flow, increasing debt, weak interest coverage and ongoing losses.”

Don’t Rely Solely on AI

LLMs can simplify the research process, but they do not replace the value of doing your own work. You should still analyze the business trends and look at the financial statements yourself. As you do this, check the chatbot’s conclusions to ensure it was not “hallucinating.”

The benefit of AI chatbots is their ability to quickly identify potential financial red flags that warrant further research. They can also be used to provide you with a second opinion about a company’s risk factors. How you write your prompt matters significantly. We suggest trying different prompts to determine which one provides the analysis you seek.

—Charles Rotblut, CFA

Discussion

JOHN L from NJ posted over 1 year ago:

AI might help level the playing field but it won't give you an edge as everyone has access to this analysis.


Wayne T from IL posted over 1 year ago:

@John That’s a great point that gets to the heart of a common misconception about AI in investing. Yes, AI tools are becoming widely available; in that sense, they help level the playing field. But having access to AI isn’t the same as using it well. The edge doesn’t come from the tool itself. It comes from how you apply it. Just like having access to a Bloomberg terminal didn’t automatically make someone a great investor, using an AI LLM won’t either. What makes the difference is: • How well you craft your prompts (think of it like asking the right question to the right analyst), • How you verify and interpret the insights, and • How you combine AI analysis with your own experience, context, and strategy. As I mentioned in the article, “Prompting is everything.” AI can summarize risk factors or highlight red flags, but it’s still up to the investor to know what to ask, when to dig deeper, and how to act on the insights. So while AI might not automatically give you an edge, using it intelligently and creatively can. Thanks for reading and for starting this important conversation. Wayne


ELISABETH H from MI posted over 1 year ago:

I thought LLM ‘s were notoriously bad at math.


Wayne T from IL posted over 1 year ago:

@Elisabeth It’s a common misconception, but modern LLMs, especially those integrated with code interpreters or financial analysis plugins, are highly capable of math. While early models struggled with precise calculations, today’s tools can analyze financial statements, perform ratio analysis, and evaluate complex data accurately. As outlined in the article, LLMs' strength is their ability to rapidly process large volumes of financial data, such as SEC filings or earnings reports, and distill actionable insights. When paired with proper prompts and structured inputs, they handle the math and also enhance the entire investment research process. The key is using them strategically and validating outputs just as you would with any research assistant.


BARRY J from TX posted over 1 year ago:

Wayne, you get the fun assignments, like trying to find the spotted ponies in the growing pile of AI “news.” #1 This topic is overdue. It is also pre-mature. I can already hear a Doppler Effect from the “half-life” of the sound of the decaying information this article bundles up for us. Markets move on similarly. That is what makes them so unpredictable. To paraphrase Heraclitus, “You cannot step into the same market twice.” Likewise, markets resolve price differences, and, having done is, move on. #2 I have read several articles from my brokerages (SCHW, FID, VGD) and educational sources (MORN, Value Line, etc.) that targeted the “CFA”-“RIA” audience. The wish lists and comments from these “professional” segments to the AI articles focused on how to REDUCE THEIR CUSTOMER CONTACT TIME. They see AI as a “magic” printing the press that can take (1) a rudimentary 7-point RISK profile scale ”guess” and (2) back-of -the envelope income projections and (3) enter these “fuzzy” inputs into a ChatBot “trained” on standardized text-based databases and (4) expect them to spit out “individualize” advice. Then they slap their letterhead on an email, and viola, instant “personalized advice” similar to “instant grits.” Let me say that again. THEY WANT TO REDUCE CUSTOMER FACE TIME. Why? So, they can spend MORE TIME INCREASING THEIR BUSINESS VOLUME. Does the phrase “Ponzi Scheme” come to mind? “Please revalidate you contact data and step forward.” Reminds me of the famous 1981 AAPL Super Bowl commercial. #3 In contrast, II is inherently DYI. For AI offerings to be successful with the II segments along the famous “efficient frontier” (100% equity to 100% FI) AI must create better offerings than Chatbots and LLMs which regurgitate homogenized “summaries.” #4 Wayne inserted MULTIPLE clues of the value “DIYers” bring to managing their portfolios. This “brave new world” “robo-world” is great news for “DYII”ers. #5 The word “independent” IS THE MESSAGE. Being a self-directed outlier in a homogenized market populated by lotus-eaters who eat Huxley’s "wholesome" foods like "pan-glandular biscuits," "carotene sandwiches," or "pasteurized external secretions" has huge advantages. #6 Just follow the AAII model embedded in the PRISM process and use your God-given intelligence to “customize” whatever GIGO ChatBots provide. #7 3rd-grade math and freshman accounting skills beat Monte Carlo simulation "guesses" and back-testing all day long. GIGO.


Wayne T from IL posted over 1 year ago:

@Barry Your comment is a masterclass in operatic skepticism, with a side of dystopian culinary critique. One can almost hear the Gregorian chant of disillusioned CFAs echoing through the hallowed halls of Value Line. Yes, I do get the fun assignments. Like sorting through the digital landfill of AI “news” for signs of life, possibly even intelligent life. Somewhere in that pile, amid the half-baked hot takes and recycled analyst notes, are a few gems not yet fingerprinted by your brokerage's compliance departments or ChatGPT’s predictive text crystal ball. Lucky me. You raise a fair point. The finance industry’s love affair with AI does seem less about investor empowerment and more about automating away the remaining shreds of human interaction. Because who needs context, nuance, or actual client conversation when a chatbot can regurgitate a “customized” 60/40 portfolio in under five seconds? But I have to challenge the idea that every application of AI is merely fast food for the investing soul. Yes, the robo-world is full of "instant grits" investment advice—high on speed, low on substance—but that’s exactly why I wrote the piece: to distinguish between gourmet and gruel. DIY investors who read risk factors and interpret cash flow statements without asking Siri have a shot at using these tools more like Leathermans than vending machines. It’s not about letting the algorithm take the wheel. It’s about asking smarter questions, sharpening your prompts, and knowing that a chatbot’s hallucination is just another form of Wall Street storytelling. And I agree. If all else fails, the PRISM model and 3rd-grade math still beat a Monte Carlo simulation designed by interns who think volatility is a flavor of kombucha. Keep the comments coming. Some of us are still out here looking for those spotted ponies.


BARRY J from TX posted about 1 year ago:

Wayne, As Wayne and Garth -- two other Chicago lads -- said, "I am not worthy." I agree and bow to your more informed perspective. NOTE: I posted the rest of this comment elsewhere, -- @How to Get Started with AI and Chatbots -- but it fits here too. #1 Paragraph 1 explains why most AAIIers ignore recommendations to "read the annual reports and financial statements." #2 AAII Premium Dividend Investing (DI), Growth Investing (GI), VQM (Value, Quality, and Momentum Factors) Investing, and Superstars Investing programs provide weekly/monthly updates. Each program manager provides summary analyses of the performance of their program holdings. #3 Why not demonstrate the power of AI Chatbots by having each Premium program manager use one of the Chatbots to prepare their reports and then evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each Chatbot as an analysis tool in their next report? They would be more qualified and capable of implementing the recommendations in this article than most AAIIers. Goose, gander? Deal, no deal?


Wayne T from IL posted about 1 year ago:

@Barry Thanks for the comment. On your first point: Yes, many AAII members understandably tune out the “read the filings” advice because it’s unrealistic. That’s exactly the gap AI can help close by processing the flood of information and surfacing what matters most, without requiring hours of effort. As for Premium services like DI, Growth Investing, VQM, and SSR: you're right, they already provide regular updates and summary analysis. The article wasn’t meant to suggest analysts aren’t doing the work, but rather to equip members with tools to process information for themselves more efficiently, especially in areas where AAII doesn’t publish formal coverage. Regarding your AI challenge: I already use both ChatGPT and Claude.ai extensively for my own analysis. So yes, I practice what I preach. I can’t speak for the other product managers—each analyst operates independently—but I’d support any effort to evaluate chatbot performance across our research teams. Whether that’s a formal experiment or a future feature is a bigger conversation. --Wayne


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