You may also be interested in reading our September 2025 article, "What the One Big Beautiful Bill Act Means for Your Taxes."

There are relatively few changes impacting your taxes next year, beyond inflation adjustments. Required minimum distributions (RMDs) must be taken from retirement accounts subject to both the 10-year rule and RMD requirements for the first time in 2025. Part-time workers will be able to participate in their employer’s 401(k) and 403(b) plans (subject to eligibility requirements). New, higher 401(k), 403(b) and Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE) IRA catch-up contribution limits will go into effect for those turning 60, 61, 62 or 63.

The inflation adjustments for 2025 are modest. Marginal tax brackets for married filing joint and single filers will be 2.8% higher next year. The standard deduction is increasing 2.7%. Our calculations show inflation-related adjustments ranging from 0% for individual retirement account (IRA) contribution limits (they will remain unchanged at $7,000) to 8.3% for the threshold above which the 28% alternative minimum tax applies. The percentage differences reflect the various dollar thresholds for making adjustments.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) mandated the use of the chained consumer price index (CPI) for determining inflation adjustments. To the extent this change is smaller than the increase in your taxable income, you could have more dollars taxed at higher marginal rates.

The TCJA will expire at the end of 2025 without new tax legislation being passed. We discuss some of the changes set to sunset without action from the next Congress in this year’s guide. As you look out to 2026 and beyond, remember that most of the TCJA was negotiated behind closed doors. The Republican-led House of Representatives passed the legislation just 14 days after the bill was introduced in December 2017.

No matter how the tax laws (and tax forms) evolve in the future, one thing is constant: You will still have to pay taxes. The tax code is complex, hence the need for tax guides. As has been the case in years past, our tax guide provides an overview of the tax rates and deductions likely to impact the majority of AAII members. Since there are many details, loopholes and pitfalls within the tax code, it is impossible for this guide to provide enough details to cover specific tax situations. If you have questions, consult a tax professional. It is your tax return, and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will hold you responsible for any errors made on it.

What’s New?

We revised the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) 2.0 Act section this year to cover the IRS’ final rules regarding withdrawals from inherited IRAs. We also discuss the changes that went into effect this year or will go into effect next year that will impact the majority of individual investors.

All taxpayers will have to file their 2024 tax returns or request for extension by April 15, 2025. This deadline applies to those living in Maine or Massachusetts as well, since Patriots’ Day will not be observed until April 21. Even though you can wait until the deadline, we continue to advise filing your taxes as early as possible to make it more difficult for a fraudster to file a false return under your name.

Various tax deadlines have been extended for victims of natural disasters. See www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-relief-in-disaster-situations if you were affected by a hurricane, flooding, wildfire or other disaster for more information and the available tax relief options.

The IRS will expand its Direct File option to residents of 24 states in 2025. Direct File allows taxpayers to file their returns directly with the IRS at no cost via their computer, tablet or phone. It supports W-2 wage income and/or Social Security and railroad benefits, 1099-INT interest income and 1099-R retirement income. You must take the standard deduction to use Direct File as it does not take itemized deductions. See www.irs.gov/directfile for more information.

The TCJA revised marginal tax brackets remain in effect. They are 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 37%. These reduced rates are presently set to expire after 2025.

Medicare Part B premiums for married joint and single filers with modified adjusted income (MAGI) below $212,000 and $106,000, respectively, will see their monthly premiums rise 5.9% to $185.00 in 2025. This is near the 6% maximum cap on increases mandated by the Inflation Reduction Act. The cap is in effect through 2029. For Part D, joint filers with MAGI between $212,000 and $266,000 ($106,000 and $133,000 for single filers) will pay an additional $13.70 per month in 2025.

Mark Wilson, who runs the CapGains Valet website, predicts that 359 mutual funds will make capital gains distributions of at least 10% of their net asset value (NAV) this year. The number is close to the 10-year average for such distributions of 356 funds. His prediction is based on the strong performance of the stock and bond markets, outflows from mutual funds continuing to occur at a usual amount, and the fairly normal numbers for the funds that had announced their capital gains distributions as of the end of October.

Be aware that mutual funds, as well as exchange-traded funds (ETFs), will make capital gains distributions whenever the gains they realize from selling profitable positions exceed the amount of realized losses they can use to offset the gains. Even if the fund’s NAV declines, capital gains distributions can still be made.

Student loans canceled under federal debt relief are not taxable for federal income tax purposes.

The draft versions of the 2024 Form 1040 and Form 1040-SR—which is for taxpayers age 65 or older—are similar to last year’s versions. We did not notice any changes worth mentioning.

Taxpayers will continue to be asked if they received, sold, exchanged or gifted a digital asset. These assets include both cryptocurrency and nonfungible tokens (NFTs). Check the final version of the 1040 instructions if in doubt. The draft version of the instructions says you “generally” aren’t required to check “yes” if you purchased “digital assets using U.S. or other real currency, including through the use of electronic platforms such as PayPal and Venmo.”

Sales and exchanges of digital assets—including but not limited to cryptocurrency—will be required to be reported by brokers, wallet providers and certain other entities for transactions occurring on or after January 1, 2025. See the Capital Gains Reporting section for more information. Updated 11/26/2024.

SECURE 2.0 Act and Related Changes

The SECURE 2.0 Act was enacted at the end of 2022. Here is a list of the changes impacting many individual investors that either went into effect in 2024 or will go into effect in 2025.

Catch-up contributions to traditional and Roth IRAs are now indexed to inflation. No inflation adjustment was announced for 2025, but any future adjustments will be made in increments of $100.

Higher catch-up contribution limits go into effect for individuals who attain age 60, 61, 62 or 63 in 2025. The maximum catch-up contribution will be $11,250 for 401(k) and 403(b) plans next year. This amount is effectively indexed to inflation since it is 150% of the catch-up contribution for those age 50 and over for the same year ($7,500 in 2025).

For SIMPLE IRAs, the catch-up contribution for those who attain age 60, 61, 62 or 63 in 2025 will be $5,250. It too is 150% of the catch-up contribution for those age 50 and over ($3,500 in 2025).

High-income earners will be required to make their catch-up contributions in 401(k)s and similar plans on a Roth (aftertax) basis starting in 2026. The wage threshold is currently $145,000 and will remain at that level in 2025 despite being indexed inflation.

Both Roth 401(k) and Roth 403(b) plans became exempt from RMDs starting this year, 2024. RMDs must still be taken from traditional 401(k) and 403(b) plan accounts once the applicable required beginning date (RBD) is reached (currently age 73).

Part-time workers with at least two years and 500 hours of service will be eligible to participate in their employer’s 401(k) or 403(b) plan starting in 2025.

Up to $35,000 from 529 college savings plans can be rolled over to a beneficiary’s Roth IRA on a tax-free basis effective in 2024. To qualify, the 529 plan must have been funded for at least 15 years ending on the date of distribution, the amount cannot “exceed the aggregate amount contributed to the program (and earnings attributable thereto) before the five-year period ending on the date of the distribution,” and the rollover must be made via a “direct trustee-to-trustee transfer to a Roth IRA maintained for the benefit of such designated beneficiary.” In addition, Roth IRA contribution limits apply. This means the total of IRA/Roth IRA contributions and any 529-to-Roth rollovers cannot exceed the contribution limit for the calendar year. The $35,000 limit is not indexed to inflation.

Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs) are now indexed to inflation. QCDs will rise from $105,000 in 2024 to $108,000 in 2025.

Up to $53,000 from an IRA can be used by retirees age 70½ or older to fund a gift annuity in 2024. The maximum will be $54,000 in 2025. The amount can be used to offset RMDs for the year the gift annuity was funded dollar for dollar. The gift can only be made in one year, according to The Wall Street Journal, and counts toward the QCD annual limit.

Inherited IRA Distribution Rules Updated Again

The IRS issued final rules regarding RMDs from inherited IRAs in July 2024.

As background, the agency proposed a rule change in February 2022 requiring certain designated beneficiaries subject to the 10-year rule to take RMDs. Specifically, if the IRA owner died both in or after 2020 and on or after their RBD, beneficiaries must continue to take RMDs each year until all assets are withdrawn from the inherited IRA. Beneficiaries subject to this rule can just take the RMDs each year and then withdraw the remaining account balance by the end of the 10th year after the original owner’s death or withdraw the full amount prior to the 10th year.

When there is a year-of-death RMD that needs to be taken, the deadline for most beneficiaries to take it is December 31 of the year following the year of death. The IRS once again suspended this rule, and such RMDs are not required to be taken for 2024.

Non-spouse beneficiaries who are subject to the 10-year distribution rule must start taking RMDs from an inherited IRA in 2025, however. No penalties will be charged for RMDs not taken from an inherited IRA subject to the 10-year rule for the years 2021 through 2024.

If a person dies before fulfilling their RMD requirements for the current calendar year, any beneficiary can take the full remaining RMD amount to satisfy the RMD requirement. The RMD does not have to be prorated among beneficiaries.

RMDs from different accounts cannot be aggregated if the decedent did not take any distributions. Rather, beneficiaries must fulfill the RMD requirements for each account separately.

If the IRA owner died before reaching their RBD, then non-spouse beneficiaries can wait until the end of the 10-year period to make a withdrawal. This rule was maintained by the IRS in its final regulations.

Eligible beneficiaries—surviving spouses, minor children (until age 21), those who are chronically ill or disabled, and/or those who are not more than 10 years younger than the deceased—are not subject to the 10-year rule. Once an eligible designated beneficiary turns 21, the 10-year rule applies.

Surviving spouses can treat a decedent’s IRA as their own. To do so, they must make that election by the later of (1) the end of the calendar year in which they reach age 72, and (2) the end of the calendar year following the calendar year of the IRA owner’s death.

Note that inherited Roth IRAs are not subject to annual RMDs regardless of what the deceased account owner’s age was.

Estimate Your Taxes on AAII.com

You can estimate your 2024 and 2025 tax liabilities on our Tax Forecasting Worksheet. This downloadable Excel spreadsheet will calculate the results based on the data you enter and can be saved for your records. 

Filing Taxes Electronically for Free

It’s painful enough to pay taxes. Paying additional amounts to file your taxes can add to the pain. Taxpayers with adjusted gross income (AGI) of $79,000 or less may be able to file their taxes for free through certain providers. See https://apps.irs.gov/app/freeFile for more information. (Free File has been around since 2003 and is different than the previously mentioned Direct File pilot.)

You may also be able to file your state taxes for free. Check with your state’s revenue department. Illinois, for instance, allows taxpayers to file through its website at no charge.

Useful Tax Numbers

Here is a list of the tax rates, deductions, exemptions, credits and other related items that may apply to your 2024 and 2025 taxes. These numbers reflect the changes made by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA), the 2017 TCJA, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, the 2022 SECURE 2.0 Act and the 2025 adjustments released by the IRS as of October 22, 2024.

Alternative Minimum Tax

The alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption is $133,300 for married couples filing jointly and $85,700 for single filers in 2024. In 2025, the exemption will rise to $137,000 and $88,100, respectively. The phaseout levels for 2024 are $1,218,700 for married filing jointly and $609,350 for singles. They will increase to $1,252,700 and $626,350, respectively, in 2025. The TCJA’s higher levels are in effect through 2025 and are indexed to inflation.

Capital Gains and Investment Income

The rate at which your long-term capital gains and dividends will be taxed depends on your taxable income and not your marginal tax bracket. Under the TCJA, married couples filing joint returns with taxable income up to $94,050 ($47,025 if single) in 2024 will not owe taxes on capital gains or qualified dividends. Couples with incomes of $94,051 to $583,750 ($47,026 to $518,900 for singles) will pay a 15% tax rate. Filers with income above those levels will pay a 20% tax on long-term capital gains and dividends. These levels are indexed to inflation and will rise in 2025: No taxes up to $96,700/$48,350 for married and single filers, respectively; 15% tax rate up to $600,050/$533,400 for married/single; and 20% for those with taxable income above those levels.

To be eligible for the long-term capital gains rate, you must have owned the eligible asset for at least 12 months. The discounted qualified dividend tax rate applies to stock dividends and requires a holding period of at least 61 consecutive days during a 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. (There is no capital gains tax or dividend taxes for securities held within a retirement account, such as an IRA. See Robert Carlson’s article, “Do’s and Don’ts of IRA Investing,” in the March 2010 AAII Journal for investments that can cause an unexpected tax problem.)

Cryptocurrency is treated as property for tax purposes. According to the IRS, “A taxpayer generally realizes capital gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency.”

Collectibles, which include gold coins and bars, are taxed at a maximum 28% rate. Mutual funds and ETFs investing in precious metals may also be subject to the collectibles tax rate. Check with the fund company if you have questions about the tax status.

Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income.

Municipal bond interest is exempt from federal tax, as well as state and local taxes if you live in the same state as the issuer. Treasury bond interest is taxable at the federal level, but not the state level. Corporate bond interest is taxable at both the federal and state level. (Bond interest is not taxed in states with no income tax.)

Married couples filing joint returns with net investment income (NII) and modified adjusted gross incomes (MAGI) above $250,000 and single filers with NII and MAGI above $200,000 also must pay the additional 3.8% NII surtax on capital gains and dividends. Collectibles are also eligible for the 3.8% surcharge. The $250,000/$200,000 thresholds are not indexed to inflation and will remain the same in 2025. 

Capital Gains Reporting

Brokers are required to report the cost basis for stocks purchased after January 1, 2011; mutual fund, ETF and dividend reinvestment program (DRP) shares purchased after January 1, 2012; and options and traditional bonds bought and sold by their clients on or after January 1, 2014. If you bought a stock, fund, option or bond before the aforementioned dates, your broker is not required to report the cost basis.

Certain debt instruments, particularly those that are more complex than traditional bonds, purchased after January 1, 2016, fall under the cost basis reporting rules. These include variable-rate bonds (including inflation-adjusted bonds), stripped bonds and convertible bonds. Excluded from this rule are debt instruments where the principal is subject to acceleration (e.g., mortgage-backed securities) and debt instruments with a fixed maturity date not more than one year from their issue date.

Sales and exchanges of cryptocurrency, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and related digital assets occurring on or after January 1, 2025, will be required to be reported by brokers, wallet providers, digital asset kiosks and certain processors of digital asset payments (PDAPs). These transactions will be reported on new IRS Form 1099-DA. Real estate professionals will be required to report the fair value of digital assets used in real estate transactions with closing dates on or after January 1, 2026. Updated 11/26/2024.

If you sold a capital asset in 2024, you will need to fill out Form 8949. 

Charitable Donations

Donations of clothing and other personal items must be in “good condition” or better in order to be deducted. Form 8283 must be filled out if your total deduction for all noncash contributions exceeds $500.

In addition, charitable contributions of cash (regardless of the amount) to any qualified charity must be supported by a dated bank record (such as a canceled check) or a dated receipt from the charity that includes the name of the charity, date and amount of contribution.

Those age 70½ or older can distribute up to $105,000 from their traditional IRA to qualified charities in 2024. The cap was indexed to inflation by the SECURE 2.0 Act and will be $108,000 in 2025. QCDs reduce RMDs. See “The Tax Advantages of Qualified Charitable Distributions From IRAs” in the October 2016 AAII Journal for more information.

Child Tax Credit

The maximum child tax credit is $2,000. This credit, set by the TCJA, will remain in effect through 2025 without new legislation being passed and is not indexed to inflation. The refundable portion of the credit is indexed to inflation and is $1,700 in 2024. In 2025, the refundable portion will remain unchanged at $1,700.

Education Savings

The maximum Hope Scholarship Credit (the American Opportunity education credit) of $2,500 per year for the first four years of post-secondary education for tuition and related expenses (including books) was made permanent by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016. As such, this credit can be claimed in both 2024 and 2025.

The Lifetime Learning Credit can be claimed for education expenses beyond the fourth year of post-secondary education and for nondegree courses intended to improve job skills. The maximum credit is $2,000 annually and is subject to income phaseouts.

You can make nondeductible contributions to qualified tuition plans, also known as section 529 plans. (However, the contributions may be deductible from your state income tax, depending on where you live.) These accounts, offered by states or their designees, are maintained solely for the qualified higher education expenses of a beneficiary. Distributions are tax-free, provided that the distributions are used to pay qualified expenses.

The ATRA made the $2,000 per beneficiary contribution limit to a Coverdell Education Savings Account permanent. The contributions are not deductible, but they grow tax-free in the IRA.

Coverdell accounts may be used to fund qualified elementary, secondary and higher education expenses. However, the amount that can be contributed is limited for higher-income taxpayers and the phaseouts are not adjusted for inflation.

Estate Tax Exemption

The estate tax exemption is both portable and indexed to inflation. The exemption is $13.61 million in 2024. The exemption will rise in 2025 to $13.99 million. This is a per-spouse exclusion, and it is portable, meaning that if one spouse dies, the surviving spouse can claim the deceased’s exclusion, resulting in a total effective exclusion of $27.22 million in 2024 and $27.98 million in 2025.

The large figures will prevent most families from having to pay estate taxes. The estate tax exemption is set to revert back to pre-TCJA levels in 2026 without new legislation.

The maximum estate tax rate is 40%. The step-up basis rule applies when an inherited asset is sold: The capital gain resulting from the sale is calculated as the difference between the proceeds at the time of the sale transaction and the value of the assets at the time of the inheritance.

Executors have to report the fair value of the property included in the gross estate to both the IRS and the heirs. Beneficiaries claiming a basis for inherited property above the reported value may be subject to a 20% penalty.

Gift Tax Exemption

The annual gift tax exclusion in 2024 is $18,000 and $36,000 for consenting couples. (The IRS says “you probably must file Form 709” for gifts exceeding these respective limits. Spouses may not file a joint gift tax return; each must file their own Form 709.) These limits are indexed to inflation and will rise to $19,000 and $38,000, respectively, in 2025.

Flexible Spending Accounts

Workers participating in flexible spending accounts (FSAs) can carry over up to $640 ($660 beginning in 2025) of unused amounts into the next plan year if their plan sponsor allows them to. Plan sponsors have the choice of either offering employees the ability to carry the amount over or allowing employees a grace period of up to two and a half months to spend it. Dependent care is also eligible for the grace period option, but not the carryover option.

Health Savings Accounts

The 2024 minimum annual deductible for self-only coverage is $1,600; it is $3,200 for family coverage. These amounts are indexed to inflation and will increase to $1,650 and $3,300, respectively, in 2025. The 2024 maximum limits for annual deductible and other out-of-pocket expenses are $8,050 for self and $16,100 for family. The maximum limits will rise to $8,300 and $16,600, respectively, in 2025.

HSA contributions cannot exceed $4,150 for individual coverage and $8,300 for family high-deductible health care plan (HDHP) coverage in 2024. In 2025, the maximum contributions will be $4,300 and $8,550 for individual and family coverage, respectively.

Individual Retirement Accounts and 401(k) Plans

The maximum allowed IRA contribution for 2024 is $7,000 ($8,000 for individuals age 50 or older). The contribution limit will remain unchanged in 2025 at $7,000 ($8,000 for individuals age 50 or older). The additional catch-up contribution limit of $1,000 will be indexed to inflation starting in 2025, but will remain $1,000. The contributions can be fully deducted for MAGI below $123,000 and $77,000 for married filing joint and single returns, respectively, for the 2024 tax year. The 2024 exemption is $230,000 for a person filing a married joint return who is not covered by a workplace retirement plan but whose spouse is. In 2025, the phaseout levels for deducting contributions will increase to $126,000 for married filing jointly and $79,000 for singles. It will be $236,000 for those married filing a joint return not covered by a workplace retirement plan but whose spouse is.

In 2024, the maximum annual contribution limit to a 401(k) plan or similar type of defined-contribution plan is $23,000 ($30,500 if you are age 50 or over). The maximum contribution limit will rise to $23,500 while the catch-up contribution will remain at $7,500 in 2025.

In 2024, the maximum annual contribution for SIMPLE plans is $16,000 (those age 50 or over can make a maximum catch-up contribution of $3,500). The contribution limit will rise to $16,500 (plus a $3,500 catch-up contribution) in 2025.

Married couples with AGI below $76,500 and singles with AGI below $38,250 in 2024 can qualify for the Saver’s Credit. Those limits are indexed to inflation and will rise to $79,000 and $39,5000, respectively, in 2025. The credit is equivalent to 50%, 20% or 10% of retirement plan, IRA or Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) account contributions totaling no more than $4,000 for married filing jointly, $2,000 for single filers. While the income thresholds are indexed to inflation, the credit itself is not.

Itemized Deduction Phaseouts

The phaseout of itemized deductions (the Pease Limitation) was suspended for the years 2018 through 2025 by the TCJA.

Kiddie Tax

The “kiddie tax” applies to children up to age 18 and could apply to children up to age 23—depending on how much earned income they have and whether or not they are full-time students.

Under the kiddie tax rules, children with 2024 or 2025 investment income above a certain amount may have part or all of their investment income taxed at their or their parent’s tax rates, whichever is higher. (The SECURE Act repealed the provision in the TCJA pegging the kiddie tax to the trust and estate tax rates. The change was retroactive to 2018.)

The kiddie tax applies if the child is age 17 or younger by the end of the year. In 2024, the kiddie tax will apply if the child’s total investment income exceeds $2,600. The exemption is indexed to inflation and will increase to $2,700 in 2025.

In addition, the kiddie tax can apply to older children, depending on how much earned income they have and whether or not they are full-time students.

• Starting in the year that your child turns 18, the kiddie tax will apply if your child’s earned income (including salaries and wages, commissions, professional fees and tips) does not exceed half of the child’s overall support.
• Starting in the year your child turns 19, the kiddie tax will apply if your child is a full-time student.
• The kiddie tax will stop applying in the year your child turns 24.
• The kiddie tax will also not apply if your child is married filing jointly.

Medical Expenses

The 2021 Appropriations Act made permanent the AGI floor of 7.5% for deducting medical expenses.

Medical insurance premiums for the self-employed are deductible and can be used to reduce AGI on Form 1040.

Premiums for qualified long-term care insurance can be deducted along with other qualifying medical expenses up to certain amounts. In 2024, those limitations were $470 for those age 40 or less, $880 for those 41–50, $1,760 for those 51–60, $4,710 for those 61–70 and $5,880 for those older than 70. In 2025, those limitations will increase to $480 for those 40 or less, $900 for those 41–50, $1,800 for those 51–60, $4,810 for those 61–70 and $6,020 for those older than 70.

Medicare

Taxpayers who itemize deductions can deduct (as a medical expense) the premiums they pay for Medicare Part B supplemental insurance and Medicare Part D prescription drug insurance. Those who voluntarily enrolled in Medicare and are not covered under Social Security or weren’t a government employee who paid Medicare tax can include Medicare Part A premiums in their deductible medical expenses.

Medicare Part B premiums are based on MAGI as reported on returns from two years ago. As such, the Medicare Part B premium will be $185.00 in 2025 for taxpayers who file married joint returns with 2023 MAGI of $212,000 or less and single filers with 2023 MAGI of $106,000 or less. If your MAGI is higher, see the box below for the income-related monthly adjustments.

Personal Exemptions

The TCJA suspended the personal exemption for the years of 2018 through 2025. It will return in 2026 if its suspension is not extended.

Qualified Plan Contributions

In 2024, the maximum annual contribution for qualified plans, including Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) and Keogh plans, is $69,000 or 25% of your compensation, whichever is less; in 2025, the maximum contribution will rise to $70,000 or 25% of your compensation, whichever is less.

Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs)

Distributions are mandatory from traditional (meaning non-Roth) retirement accounts by December 31 once certain age limits are reached. The SECURE 2.0 Act raised the starting age from 72 to 73, effective in 2023. (The required beginning date will rise further in 2033, to age 75.) Those who turned 73 in 2024 will need to take their first RMDs either by December 31, 2024, or by April 1, 2025, at the latest. (Those who opt to delay until April 1, 2025, will still have to take their second RMD by December 31, 2025.)

Accounts subject to RMDs in 2024 include 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, 457(b) plans, traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs, Salary Reduction Simplified Employee Pension (SARSEP) IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. Effective January 1, 2024, RMDs are no longer required from Roth 401(k) and Roth 403(b) thanks to the SECURE 2.0 Act. Roth IRA accounts were previously exempted from the RMD rules while the owner is alive.

RMDs from defined-contribution plans, such as 401(k) plans, can be postponed beyond the RBD (now 73) for those who are still working, contributing to a defined-contribution plan and own less than 5% of the company. Roth IRA accounts are exempt from the RMD rules while the owner is alive.

According to the IRS, “Generally, an RMD is calculated for each account by dividing the prior December 31st balance of that IRA or retirement plan account by a life expectancy factor that the IRS publishes in tables in Publication 590-B, Distributions From Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs).”

Social Security

The Social Security tax is 6.2% for employees and 12.4% for those working in self-employed positions on the first $168,600 of 2024 wages. The wage cap will rise to $176,100 in 2025.

Retirees younger than full retirement age who have claimed Social Security benefits can earn up to $22,320 without benefits being withheld in 2024. This limit will rise to $23,400 in 2025.

Standard Deduction

For 2024, the standard deduction is $29,200 for married couples filing a joint return, $14,600 for those who are single or married filing separate returns and $21,900 for heads of household.

For 2025, the standard deduction will increase to $30,000 for married couples filing a joint return, $15,000 for those who are single or married filing separate returns and $22,500 for heads of household. The higher standard deduction is adjusted for inflation (in $50 increments) but will revert back to pre-TCJA levels after 2025 if the legislation is not renewed.

The additional standard deduction for the elderly and the blind who are married will increase from $1,550 in 2024 to $1,600 in 2025. For single taxpayers who are elderly or blind and not a surviving spouse, the additional standard deduction will increase from $1,950 in 2024 to $2,000 in 2025.

State, Local and Sales Taxes

Taxpayers who itemize deductions have the option of choosing between a deduction of sales taxes or income taxes when claiming a state and local tax deduction. Taxpayers cannot deduct both. A $10,000 limit ($5,000 for married filing separate returns) on state and local tax deductions is in effect through 2025. This cap is not indexed to inflation.

Tax-Exempt Interest Reporting

State and local governments are required to report interest paid on tax-exempt state and local bonds on Form 1099-INT, Interest Income. This amount must be shown on your tax return. While this income is generally exempt from federal income tax under the current tax law, it is used for determining how much of Social Security income is taxable. Income from private-activity bond interest is included in AMT calculations.

Tax Software, Books and Guides

If you use a software program (e.g., TurboTax), a book (e.g., “J.K. Lasser’s Your Income Tax 2025”) or a related aid, check for updates before filing. Doing so will help to ensure that you are using the most up-to-date forms and information.

Specific Tax Guidelines

Part of the complexity of the tax code is determining how taxes will be affected by certain situations. This section gives information on scenarios that may be experienced by many individual investors.

The Affordable Care Act’s Impact

The net investment income tax (NIIT) levies a 3.8% tax on interest, dividends, capital gains, rental and royalty income, and nonqualified annuities among other investment-related income. It applies to married persons filing jointly with MAGI above $250,000—$200,000 for single persons—for both 2024 and 2025 tax years. (Trusts may be subject to the NIIT too.) The 0.9% additional Medicare tax applies to wages, compensation and self-employment income above the same thresholds. More information about these taxes can be found in the Health Care Reform’s Impact on Taxes box.

Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency is treated as property for tax purposes. According to the IRS, “A taxpayer generally realizes capital gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency.” A gain or a loss from cryptocurrency can be realized even if it is not sold. Using a cryptocurrency you hold as a capital asset to pay for a good or service will result in a capital gain or loss being realized.

The property designation means losses on cryptocurrencies are not subject to the wash-sale rule. A loss can be realized for tax purposes even if the same cryptocurrency is repurchased within 30 days of it being disposed of.

IRA Rollovers

IRA rollovers are restricted to one per person per year. The limitation does not apply to trustee-to-trustee transfers, meaning you can move funds from broker to broker as many times as you would like. The key is that the funds are transferred directly from one broker to another without the assets being distributed to you. (The transfer of retirement accounts from TD Ameritrade to Schwab that occurred as part of the merger integration of the two firms did not trigger the 12-month rule.)

A check payable to you instead of the receiving custodian would trigger the 12-month rule.

Rollovers to or from a qualified plan [e.g., a 401(k) plan] are excluded from the rule. Roth IRA conversions are not subject to the one-year limitation and the IRS will disregard them in terms of applying the one-rollover-per-year limitation to other rollovers. Moving funds between Roth IRAs would, however, trigger the one-year waiting period if a check is made payable to you.

There is a 60-day deadline for completing a rollover. Waivers to the deadline will be allowed if certain conditions are met, including, but not limited to, an error by the financial institution making or receiving the contribution, a misplaced distribution check, severe damage to the taxpayer’s principal residence and serious illness. Written certification to a plan administrator or IRA trustee must be submitted by the taxpayer within 30 days after being able to make the contribution to take advantage of the waiver. See IRS Revenue Procedure 2016-47 for more information.

Rollovers of pretax and aftertax contributions from defined-contribution plans [e.g., 401(k), 403(b) and 457(b) plans] can be assigned to different accounts as long as directions are given to the plan administrator in advance of the distribution. See IRS Notice 2014-54 for more information and examples of various scenarios.

The IRS’ Rollover Chart shows the types of retirement savings accounts that funds can be rolled over from and into a different type of retirement savings account. The chart was recreated in the May 2023 AAII Journal (“The Rules Regarding Retirement Account Rollovers”).

Marriage, Widowhood and Divorce

Under the tax code, a couple is considered married for the whole year if, on the last day of the tax year, both people are married and living together, living together in a recognized common-law marriage, married and living apart without being legally separated under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance, or separated under an interlocutory (not final) decree of divorce.

Widow(er)s are considered married for the whole year in which their spouse died and can file a joint return with their deceased spouse. For widow(er)s who remarry before the end of the same tax year, a joint return can be filed with the new spouse. The deceased spouse’s filing status would be married filing separately in this case.

Qualifying widows and widowers (“qualifying surviving spouses”) can claim joint filing status for up to two years after their spouse’s death if they do not remarry during that time frame, have paid more than half of the home costs for the year, and have a child or stepchild who both qualifies as a dependent and lives with them. Afterward, the surviving spouse may be able to claim head of household filing status.

A person’s filing status may be single if they were widowed before the start of the calendar year and did not remarry before the end of the calendar year.

A person who becomes divorced under a final decree by the last day of the year is considered to be unmarried for the whole year.

Same-sex couples are treated as being married for federal tax purposes if they were married the U.S. or in a foreign jurisdiction whose laws authorize the marriage of individuals of the same sex. As such, same-sex spouses must file using either married filing separately or married filing jointly status (certain exceptions apply).

Those in common-law marriages are treated as being married for federal tax purposes if they are living together in a common-law marriage recognized in the state where they now live or in the state where the common-law marriage began.

Couples in domestic partnerships, civil unions or other similar formal relationships recognized but not denominated as marriage under state law are not considered to be married for federal tax purposes.

Alimony and separate maintenance payments made by divorced spouses are not deductible, and the payee spouse does not need to report these payments as income. This rule applies to divorces and legal separations executed after December 31, 2018, and to previously executed agreements modified after December 31, 2018, that expressly state that the tax-law change applies to the modification.

Medicare Part B

The rule of thumb for how taxable income determines Medicare Part B premiums is that your MAGI from two years prior will determine your premiums for the current tax year (e.g., 2025 premiums will be determined by 2023 income). See the Medicare Part B Premiums for 2025 box for information about premiums and the income-related monthly adjustment amounts (IRMAAs).

Selling a Home

Married home sellers filing joint returns can exclude the first $500,000 of capital gains on the sale of a house, provided eligibility requirements are met. The exclusion is $250,000 for single filers. These exclusions are not indexed to inflation and will stay the same in 2025 as they were in 2024.

The capital gains from the sale of a home are determined not only by the difference between what you paid for the house and then sold it for, but also by any adjustments to your cost basis. These adjustments include both certain fees and closing costs as well as many improvements made to your property. Keep receipts for improvements made, such as the replacement of a roof or all of your windows. More information can be found in IRS Publication 523.

Be Vigilant About Tax Scams

The IRS continues to warn about tax scams. Among the common current ones are phishing and smishing scams designed to steal your sensitive information. These include text messages saying, “Your account has now been put on hold” or “Unusual Activity Report,” with a bogus “Solutions” link.

Other scams making the agency’s annual “Dirty Dozen” list include swindlers who offer to help you set up an online IRS account and fraudsters impersonating the IRS’ offer-in-compromise (OIC) service who aggressively claim they can make your tax debt disappear. Fake charities continue to be a common scam. Look at www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/tax-exempt-organization-search to identify qualified, legitimate charities before making a donation.

Also appearing on the agency’s “Dirty Dozen” list are those who promote questionable employee retention credit claims and false fuel tax credit claims. “Unscrupulous” tax return preparers to watch out for are those who charge a fee based on the size of the refund and/or are unwilling to sign the return.

We encourage everyone to be vigilant of pig butchering scams, a type of financial fraud. These scams send out text messages intended to start a conversation and gain the victim’s trust. Never reply to unsolicited text messages from an unfamiliar source.

Always restrict access to your Social Security number, regularly monitor your credit reports, consider freezing your credit report, and use antivirus and firewall software on your computer. Never give personal or financial information to an unsolicited caller. Don’t click on a link in emails or text messages without verifying where it is going. Better yet, type in the URL of the legitimate website you want to visit. When in doubt, end a phone call or otherwise cease communication immediately and contact the financial institution, service provider or retailer directly to see if they actually contacted you.

Filing your tax return as early as is reasonably possible can also help protect you against scamsters. For additional protection, consider signing up for an Identity Protection PIN at www.irs.gov/ippin. Those in their retirement years should be especially on guard, as fraudsters are targeting this demographic group. 

Investment Strategies: 2025 and Beyond

Though the ATRA and the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 provided clarity in terms of legislation and both SECURE Acts made some refinements, the TCJA had a much bigger and broader impact on the tax code. As previously discussed, many of the changes made by the TCJA are set to sunset at the end of next year.

While we can’t predict what changes future legislation will bring, here are traditional tax planning strategies that can help keep your tax bill down. It is important, however, to keep in mind that your goals and risk tolerance, not just the income tax impact of an investment, should drive your investment decisions.

Adjust Withholdings or Estimated Payments

If you owed more than expected or received a larger-than-expected refund for the 2023 tax year, consider adjusting your withholding amount. The IRS’ Tax Withholding Estimator can help you run the numbers. Make note of any changes in your income for this year that may not be repeated in future years.

The same logic applies to estimated taxes. If you found yourself underpaying or receiving a large refund, use the aforementioned calculator to determine what adjustments you should make to your estimated tax payments.

Be Aware of Holding Periods for Qualified Dividends

In order to qualify for the reduced 0% or 15% (20% for higher earners) tax rate on qualified dividends for common and preferred stocks, a holding period must be satisfied. Specifically, common stocks must be owned for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date. (The holding period is more than 90 days out of a 181-day period for preferred stocks with dividends attributable to periods aggregating more than 366 days.) The ex-dividend date is generally the same as the record date.

Not all dividends are qualified. Qualified dividends are paid by common and preferred stocks. Distributions from a real estate investment trust (REIT) or master limited partnership (MLP) do not qualify for the discounted taxed rate. Contact the investor relations department of the specific company if you have questions about the tax treatment.

Consider Increasing Retirement Savings

Increasing retirement savings makes sense from a financial planning standpoint and, depending on your adjusted income, may reduce your tax bill. You have until April 15, 2025, to make an IRA contribution for the 2024 tax year. 

Consider Roth IRA Conversion Opportunities

You have the option of converting all or part of your traditional IRA into a Roth IRA, regardless of your adjusted gross income. Roth IRAs can provide certain advantages: The converted assets can be withdrawn tax-free at any time and future earnings are also tax-free (with some limitations) to both you and your heirs. Withdrawals do not impact how much of Social Security benefits are taxed nor do they count as income for determining Medicare premiums. Additionally, Roth IRA owners are not required to take any minimum distributions in retirement. The downsides, however, are that the conversion amount is taxable in the year it occurs, it can increase the amount of Social Security benefits taxed in the year of conversion and it can increase Medicare premiums two years out.

While the benefits of a Roth IRA conversion could be considerable, taxpayers must carefully weigh the up-front tax costs against the long-term tax advantages. For more on this, see “The Importance of Considering Marginal Taxes When Taking Withdrawals” by William Reichenstein and William Meyer in the September 2023 AAII Journal, as well as “Roth Versus Traditional IRA” in the December 2019 AAII Journal. You may also want to consult a tax professional.

Once a Roth IRA conversion is completed, it cannot be undone (a “recharacterization”).

You cannot convert RMDs from your traditional IRA for a particular year (including the calendar year in which you reach age 73) to a Roth IRA. IRS Publication 590-A explains the rules for Roth IRA conversions and Publication 590-B covers the rules for RMDs.

Consider the Impact of Taxes on Mutual Fund Investments

Selecting tax-aware managers of mutual funds may be important to maximizing your aftertax rate of return in your taxable investment portfolio.

You may choose when to sell specific shares of the fund and may, therefore, create long-term versus short-term capital gains, as long as you notify the fund family or your broker in writing with specific instructions. But you don’t control the investments within the fund.

Should an equity manager fail to extend the holding period on a stock, it could cost you as much as 17.0% of your gain (37.0% ordinary rate for short-term capital gains versus the 20% long-term capital gains rate) between now and the end of 2025.

Some mutual fund distributions can be treated as qualified dividends and are therefore eligible for the reduced tax rate, while others will not qualify. Dividends paid by stocks held by the fund and passed through to the shareholder are eligible for the qualified dividend tax treatment. However, capital gains distributions and interest from bonds are not. These payments are reported on Form 1099, which specifies the type of distribution.

You can read more on mutual fund distributions in the online Personal Investments Tax Guide 2024.

Protect Social Security Benefits

If you are receiving Social Security benefits, you may have to pay taxes on them if your combined income (primarily your AGI plus any tax-exempt interest income plus half of your Social Security benefits) exceeds certain levels (see the Social Security Earnings Thresholds box).

To protect your benefits, watch the amount of interest you receive from municipal bonds, since this amount is included in your MAGI when determining the Social Security benefit taxability. In addition, you may want to delay discretionary taxable distributions from a retirement plan or IRA.

Reconsider Taxable Versus Tax-Free Bonds

Interest from tax-free municipal bonds is generally exempt from federal income taxes, unlike the interest from taxable bonds, which is taxed as income. Like any bond, credit quality matters, as you want to ensure that the issuer will not default. Changing yields can also alter the aftertax yield advantage, making municipal bonds more or less attractive compared to taxable bonds.

Additionally, private-activity bonds (a type of tax-free bond) could increase your exposure to the alternative minimum tax (AMT) since their interest income is taxable for purposes of the AMT. Check with the bond issuer to find out the bond’s tax status.

You should review your bond and money market accounts to make sure that you are earning the highest aftertax return. But don’t forget to consider the state tax implications of switching from tax-free to taxable bonds before making any final portfolio decisions.

Review Tax Implications of Taxable Versus Tax-Deferred Accounts

The spread between capital gains and ordinary income rates has important implications with respect to your asset allocation between taxable and tax-deferred (retirement) accounts.

For example, from a tax perspective, holding individual stocks in tax-deferred accounts and bonds in taxable accounts could be expensive because the long-term gains resulting from stocks held in tax-deferred plans such as IRAs or 401(k) plans will be taxed at ordinary rates when taken as a distribution. By reversing that structure, taxable bonds and other tax-inefficient assets will be shielded from taxation in the deferred accounts, while equities will enjoy the reduced rates for capital gains in personal accounts.

Tax-free municipal bonds should remain outside of retirement accounts. Individuals should also consider the cost of commissions and taxes, current cash flow needs and the 0.9% additional Medicare tax and 3.8% NII surtax before making any investment moves between taxable and tax-deferred accounts.

Take Advantage of Lower Marginal Rates

Deferring income that is taxed at higher ordinary tax rates makes sense. Most taxpayers will pay long-term capital gains tax rates of 0% or 15%. For married couples filing jointly with income above $583,750 and single filers with income above $518,900 in 2024, the long-term capital gains rate is 20%. In 2025, the 20% long-term capital gains tax rate will apply to married couples filing jointly and single filers with incomes above $600,050 and $533,400, respectively.

Short-term capital gains, in contrast, are taxed at ordinary income tax rates of up to 37% in 2024 and 2025.

The 3.8% NII surtax applies to taxpayers with income above the $250,000/$200,000 married filing jointly/single thresholds. This tax applies to both short- and long-term capital gains, as well as taxable interest, dividends, nonqualified annuities, rents and royalties, and passive income from partnerships. The NII surtax is not indexed to inflation, and the $250,000/$200,000 thresholds are effective for both 2024 and 2025.

Similar rules apply to qualified dividends. For married couples filing jointly with income above $583,750 and single filers with income above $518,900, in 2024, dividends are taxed at 20%. In 2025, the 20% qualified dividend tax rate will apply to married couples filing jointly and single filers with incomes above $600,050 and $533,400, respectively.

Though tax considerations should never be the primary reason for selling a security, if you have large positions in either gifted or inherited stocks, or stocks received from the sale of a business, you should consider whether it makes sense to sell shares over a period of time to take advantage of the long-term capital gains rates and use the proceeds from selling the stock to diversify your portfolio.

Use Losses Carefully

While tax considerations should not drive your investment decision, you can take advantage of losses in holdings that you would prefer to either sell or reduce from an investment standpoint.

Capital losses first reduce capital gains: long-term losses reduce long-term gains first, and short-term losses reduce short-term gains first. Any long-term losses left over reduce short-term gains, and vice versa. If you still have losses remaining after offsetting capital gains, you can reduce your “ordinary” income by up to $3,000. Losses not used this year can be carried forward to future years until they are used up. See “Capital Pains: Rules for Capital Losses” by Julian Block in the September 2010 AAII Journal.

When planning, make sure you don’t run afoul of the wash-sale rules. If you sell a stock or securities at a loss and then acquire a substantially identical security during the 30-day period prior to or the 30-day period following the sale, the loss will be disallowed. If your loss is disallowed by the wash-sale rule, you can increase the cost basis of the new position of the substantially identical security by the amount of the disallowed loss. The holding period for the new position is also adjusted to include the holding period of the position sold at the disallowed loss. You cannot adjust the cost basis or holding period if you acquire the investment in an IRA or Roth IRA, however. For more information, see “Keeping Transactions Clean From the Wash-Sale Rules” by R. Kevin Trout in the December 2014 AAII Journal.

Conclusion

It is important to remember that taxes should not be the primary driver of your investment decisions. Taxes do, however, play a role in wealth management. As the tax code continues to evolve, everyone should consider how the changes directly affect their overall tax and investing strategies.

Tax Planning Strategies

All Taxpayers: Determine Where You Are at the End of the Year

At the end of each year, you should take the time to assess your tax situation. Doing so will give you the opportunity to shift certain items around, should that be beneficial in terms of your tax liability. Taking a few initial steps now and using year-end planning strategies can result in significant tax savings.

Here are the basic steps you should take to help start your personal tax planning:

• Estimate your income, deductions, credits and exemptions for 2024 and 2025 using the Tax Forecasting Worksheet.
• Identify items that you can shift from 2024 into 2025 and beyond (or vice versa).
• Determine your marginal tax rate—the rate at which your next dollar of income will be taxed—for 2024 and 2025.
• Determine how much tax you owe and when you must pay it to avoid underpayment penalties.
• Determine whether you are subject to the AMT.
• Consult with your tax professional, and then take the actions needed to make the best of your tax situation.

To minimize your taxes, consider both short-term and long-term tax planning issues and strategies. Starting early will give you extra time to obtain additional information about items that concern you and to investigate additional ideas for tax savings or deferral.

Avoiding Tax Underpayment Penalties

Make sure you determine your 2025 tax liability as early as possible, as well as the due dates for paying those taxes (including the self-employment tax and the AMT), so that you avoid underpayment penalties.

Federal tax law requires the payment of income taxes throughout the year as you earn your income. This obligation may be met through withholding, quarterly estimated tax payments or both. If you do not meet this obligation, you may be assessed an underpayment penalty.

If your total tax due minus the amount you had withheld is less than 10% of your total tax due, you will not be assessed an underpayment penalty. The disadvantage of overpaying throughout the year, though, is that you are in effect making an interest-free loan to the government. However, the underpayment penalty can be high, and it is calculated as interest on the underpaid balance until it is paid, or until the regular filing date for the final tax return, whichever is earlier.

You can avoid underpayment tax penalties by adopting one of the safe harbor rules. The basic rule is to pay the required amount by the end of the year through withholding and quarterly estimated payments. The required amount will be one of the following, depending on your individual situation:

• 90% of the current year’s tax liability;
• 100% of the prior year’s tax liability (increases to 110% for taxpayers who had prior-year adjusted gross income in excess of $150,000, or $75,000 for those married filing separately); or
• 90% of the tax liability based on a quarterly annualization of current year-to-date income (see IRS Publication 505 for worksheets).

Penalties are based on any underpayment, which is the difference between the lowest amount required to be paid by each quarterly payment date and the amount actually paid by that date. The annual required amount, based on either of the first two alternatives, is paid in equal installments. In the case of the third method, which is based on annualized income, the amount due each quarter is based on actual income received for each installment period. The third method is typically more beneficial if you do not earn income evenly throughout the year (e.g., you operate a seasonal business) or if you had an unexpected increase in income, because it allows for lower required payments in the early quarters.

Income tax payments made through withholding from your paycheck (or from your pension or other payments) are given special treatment. The IRS treats income tax that is withheld as having been paid equally throughout the year (unless you prefer to use actual payment dates). This lets you make up for underpaid amounts retroactively because amounts withheld late in the year may be used to increase the amounts paid in earlier quarters.

State and Local Rules: Many states have underpayment rules that vary from the federal requirements.

Timing: Income & Deductions for Taxpayers Not Subject to AMT

You have opportunities to reduce your taxes if you can control the timing of either your income or expenses. However, it is important to make sure you understand whether you may be subject to the AMT before adopting these strategies. Though the TCJA retained the AMT, it will not apply for 2025 incomes below $1,252,700 for married couples filing joint returns and $626,350 for others. 

Income

Your income is generally taxed in the year of receipt, so having the ability to control when you receive it affords a strategic tax planning opportunity. Deferring income until a later year will, in most cases, delay the payment of tax. You cannot defer taxation by merely delaying receipt of the income if the funds are available to you and the time of payment is subject to your unrestricted discretion. Any decision to defer income must be weighed with the lost time value of the money and other risks that could alter or forfeit your right to the income.

The timing of bonuses, recognition of capital gains from the sale of stocks and the exercise of nonqualified stock options are all events that can easily be delayed to a subsequent year.

Consider the deferral of compensation through the use of various retirement plans and deferred-compensation arrangements. If you operate a business or collect rental income and report that income on the cash receipts and disbursements method, you have an opportunity to delay or accelerate the billing to your customers or tenants and determine the timing of the related income.

Deductions

You can reduce taxes by controlling the payment of deductible expenses. If paid by December 31, you may deduct certain expenses that are due the following year on your current-year tax return. (Property taxes prepaid in the current year can be deducted if assessed in the current calendar year and if the $10,000 limit on state and local taxes has not been reached.) This strategy helps when you have a higher tax liability in the current year than you expect to have in the coming year. Again, you must balance this decision with the time value of money and other inherent risks.

For example, if you pay a deductible expense in December 2024 instead of April 2025, you reduce your 2024 tax instead of your 2025 tax, but you also lose the use of your money for three-and-one-half months. Generally, this will be to your advantage, unless you have an alternative use for the funds that will produce a very high return in that three-and-one-half-month period. You must decide whether the cash used to pay the expense early should be used for something more urgent or more valuable than the accelerated tax benefit.

For those who will pay 2025 estimated taxes based on their 2024 tax liability, reducing your 2024 taxes has another advantage: Your 2025 estimated tax payments may be smaller.

State Taxes

If accelerating deductions makes sense for you and you choose to claim a deduction on your state and local income taxes, you may want to prepay the balance on your estimated state tax liability in December 2024, rather than waiting until 2025, if the taxes were assessed in 2024. This secures that deduction on your 2024 tax return, even though the payment might not be required by the state until January 16, 2025, or April 15, 2025. The deductibility of these taxes is subject to a $10,000 cap on state and local taxes in 2024. The cap is not indexed to inflation and will remain at $10,000 per year through 2025. The $10,000 cap is currently set to expire after 2025.

Charitable Contributions

If you are planning to make a gift to a charity in 2025, consider making the gift in 2024 to accelerate the tax benefit of the contribution if you have enough deductions to exceed the 2024 standard deduction of $29,200/$14,600 for married filing jointly/singles. Cash contributions can only be deducted up to 60% of your contribution base (typically AGI).

You should also consider the benefits of gifting appreciated stock to a charity. If you donate long-term appreciated stock directly to the charity, you get a deduction for the full fair market value of the stock, whereas if you sell the stock first and donate cash, you only get a deduction for the aftertax cash donated. (If you have an unrealized loss in the stock, however, it might be more beneficial from a tax standpoint to sell the stock and then donate the cash proceeds. Doing so would give you deductions for both the capital loss and the charitable donation.)

When making a gift to a charity, you must have an appropriate record of the gift in order to properly support the deduction.

In addition, cash contributions of any amount must be supported by a written record, either in the form of a bank record (for example, a canceled check) or a written receipt from the charity. The record must include the name of the charity, the date and the amount of the contribution.

The higher standard deductions under the TCJA raised the threshold for deducting donations. As such, you may want to bunch donations in a particular year rather than making them over two or more separate years.

Prepaid Interest

A cash basis taxpayer may not deduct prepaid interest before the tax year to which the interest relates. However, there is some flexibility to prepay year-end interest that is due early in the following year.

For example, if a mortgage payment is due on January 10, a taxpayer can accelerate the deduction of the portion of the interest relating to the period up to January 1 by mailing the check in December.

The most significant interest deductions currently available are for home mortgage interest and for investment interest expense to the extent of current-year investment income. Interest paid in relation to investments that earn a tax-free return is not deductible.

Medical Expenses

If the timing of certain medical and dental expenditures is flexible and your overall medical expenses are high in the current year, you may want to accelerate the timing of these expenses.

Because unreimbursed medical expenses are only deductible to the extent that they exceed 7.5% of AGI, it is best from a tax standpoint to incur expenses—such as replacement eyeglasses or contact lenses, elective surgery, dental work and routine physical examinations—in a year in which you have already gone over (or in which the added expenses would take you over) the threshold for that year.

Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions

The TCJA suspended the ability to deduct miscellaneous itemized deductions exceeding 2% of AGI. The suspension started in 2018 and will remain in effect through 2025.

This category is large but includes:

• Tax preparation fees such as tax preparation software, tax publications and any fee paid for electronic filing; and
• Investment fees, custodial fees, trust administration fees and other expenses paid for managing your investments that produce taxable income.

Uninsured Personal Casualties

Uninsured personal casualties can be deducted only if they are attributable to a federally declared disaster and exceed 10% of AGI. Losses to theft are no longer deductible. The rule is in effect from 2018 through 2025.

Timing Caution for Taxpayers Subject to AMT

The alternative minimum tax (AMT) was originally designed to ensure that everyone would pay their fair share of income taxes. The measure has since evolved into a separate tax regime that required a permanent fix in the ATRA to prevent it from ensnaring millions of Americans.

The wisdom of conventional tax planning advice to defer income and accelerate certain types of deductions may not hold true if an individual expects to be subject to the AMT. Accordingly, during the tax-planning process, it is critical that you determine whether you are subject to the AMT in both the current year and the following year.

If you are continuously subject to the AMT, avoid investing in private-activity (municipal) bonds. Income from these bonds is taxable for AMT purposes. (There are exceptions; check with the bond issuer for the bond’s tax status.) Furthermore, you should be aware that unusual combinations of income and deductions might require AMT planning that runs contrary to conventional tax-planning advice.

Although the exercise of an incentive stock option (ISO) does not give rise to regular taxable income for the employee, the difference between the exercise price and the market price of a stock must be recognized for AMT purposes for the year in which the option is exercised. Accordingly, the exercise of incentive stock options with a large bargain element often causes a tax liability under the AMT regime.

The AMT arena is extremely complex, so generalizations are difficult to make. If you think you may be subject to the AMT, you should consult a tax professional to determine how best to minimize your exposure to it.

As stated previously, the TCJA retains the AMT, though with higher exemptions and income limits through 2025.

Year-End Estate and Gift Tax Planning

Year-end planning from an estate planning perspective typically involves ensuring that “annual exclusion” gifts are completed by the end of a calendar year.

Under the federal gift tax system, each donor is permitted to make nontaxable gifts of a certain amount each year to any donee. These gifts are called “annual exclusion” gifts and do not count against the donor’s lifetime gifts exemption. The annual gift tax exclusion level is $18,000 for 2024 and $19,000 for 2025. To the extent that it is not used, the annual exclusion evaporates at the end of each calendar year.

Annual transfers that take advantage of this exclusion can both diminish the donor’s estate tax liability and improve the lives of the recipients. These gifts can take many forms (such as cash, stocks, real estate, partnership interests) and can be given outright through Uniform Transfers to Minors accounts, and even through a trust—provided it contains special provisions designed to allow the gift to qualify for the annual exclusion.

Gifting may also make sense for those who intend to pass IRA assets along to their heirs. This would particularly be the case if the tax levied on the benefactor’s IRA withdrawal is less than the heir’s expected future tax. Before doing so, consider the full impact of withdrawing more from your retirement accounts on your taxes and Medicare premiums.

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